Several areas of forensic science use the technique of gas chromatography, ranging from fire analysis to the investigation of fraudulent food and perfumes. Covering the essentials of this powerful analytical technique, Forensic Applications of Gas Chromatography explains the theory and shows applications of this knowledge to various realms of forensic science. Topics include: A brief introduction to gas chromatography and its use in forensic science Various components that make up the gas chromatographic instrumentation The theory of the separation process, along with the chemistry underpinning the process Method development, with a specific example of a separation of eight different compounds using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector Quality assurance and method validation-with information applicable to many types of analytical testing laboratories Troubleshooting in gas chromatography systems New developments in gas chromatography and advances in columns and detectors Real examples supplement the text, along with questions in each chapter. The book includes examples of applications of gas chromatography in drugs, toxicology, fire, paint, food, and fragrance. Each application is presented as an individual case study with specific focus on a particular sample preparation technique. This allows each technique to be discussed with respect to its theory, instrumentation, solvent selection, and function, as appropriate. Each case study provides readers with suitable practical information to allow them to perform experiments in their own laboratory either as part of a practical laboratory class or in a research context. The final chapter provides answers to the questions and encourages further study and discussion.

The History of Accounting has been constructed from 68 items previously published between 1971 and 1998, representing the key works of 72 leading authors. The set is designed for a number of applications which include: a range of readings suitable for graduate and postgraduate courses on accounting history; background literature for courses dealing with particular aspects of accounting; an initial source of reference for students undertaking a doctoral thesis in accounting history, and the initial source of reference for existing members of faculty who decide to develop their research in this area. The set also provides a coverage of accounting history that meets the needs of business historians whose research encompasses financial matters. The set is divided into four separate volumes dealing with the following broad subject areas: * accounting research methods and twentieth century developments in accounting theory * record keeping systems and financial reporting procedures * cost and management accounting * the professionalisation of accounting. A significant feature of the study of accounting history in recent years has been the emergence of a widening range of theoretical approaches. The editor has therefore ensured that writers from these different traditions are fairly represented.

Mark Twain's Hawaii: A Humorous Romp through Paradise, combines Twain's own writings on Hawaii with personal reminiscences by others who met him at that time, and traces Twain's journey through the region just as he experienced it in 1866. The heavily illustrated book highlights Twain's humor, travel in the 19th century, history, social commentary, and the exotic locale. Mark Twain's wit and wisdom is timeless-his observations on Hawaii, some of which formed part of the classic Roughing It are collected here in an authoritative and entertaining volume for Twain fans and Hawaii enthusiasts.

The Routledge Companion to Accounting History presents a single-volume synthesis of research in this expanding field, exploring and analysing accounting from ancient civilisations to the modern day. No longer perceived as the narrow study of how a mysterious technique was used in past, the scope of accounting history has widened substantially. This revised and updated volume moves beyond the history of accounting technologies, accounting theories and practices and the accountants who applied them. Expert contributors from around the world explore the interfaces between accounting and the economy, society, culture and the polity. Accounting history is shown to offer important insights into such disparate phenomena as the evolution of capitalism, control of labour, gender and family relationships, racial exploitation, the operation of religious organisations, and the functioning of the state. Illuminating the foundation and development of accounting systems, this updated, classic book opens the field to a new generation of accounting scholars and historians around the world.

This is the story of the Franciscan friary in Cambridge, founded in 1225. It describes the new alliance between poverty and learning that was to give fresh vigour to the Order, deeply influencing the life of England as a whole. It provides biographical notes on many Cambridge Franciscans, including the Custodes, Wardens, Vice-Wardens and Lectors, and on the dispute of 1303 6 between the friars and the university. It ends with the dissolution of the Cambridge house in 1538, and the driving out of the friars. The book is an extended version of John R. H. Moorman's Birkbeck Lectures of 1948 9.

New Experimental Probes for Enzyme Specificity and Mechanism serial highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors.

The 60-Year Curriculum explores models and strategies for lifelong learning in an era of profound economic disruption and reinvention. Over the next half-century, globalization, regional threats to sustainability, climate change, and technologies such as artificial intelligence and data mining will transform our education and workforce sectors. In turn, higher education must shift to offer every student life-wide opportunities for the continuous upskilling they will need to achieve decades of worthwhile employability. This cutting-edge book describes the evolution of new models-covering computer science, inclusive design, critical thinking, civics, and more-by which universities can increase learners' trajectories across multiple careers from mid-adolescence to retirement. Stakeholders in workforce development, curriculum and instructional design, lifelong learning, and higher and continuing education will find a unique synthesis offering valuable insights and actionable next steps.

A History of Corporate Financial Reporting provides an understanding of the procedures and practices which constitute corporate financial reporting in Britain, at different points of time, and how and why those practices changed and became what they are now. Its particular focus is the external financial reporting practices of joint stock companies. This is worth knowing about given the widely held view that Britain (i) pioneered modern financial reporting, and (ii) played a primary role in the development of both capital markets and professional accountancy. The book makes use of a principal and agent framework to study accounting's past, but one where the failure of managers always to supply the information that users' desire is given full recognition. It is shown that corporate financial reporting did not develop into its current state in a straightforward and orderly fashion. Each era produces different environmental conditions and imposes new demands on accounting. A proper understanding of accounting developments therefore requires a careful examination of the interrelationship between accountants and accounting techniques on the one hand and, on the other, the social and economic context within which changes took place. The book's corporate coverage starts with the legendary East India Company, created in 1600, and continues through the heyday of the statutory trading companies founded to build Britain's canals (commencing in the 1770s) and railways (commencing c.1829) to focus, principally, on the limited liability company fashioned by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 and the Limited Liability Act 1855. The story terminates in 2005 when listed companies were required to prepare their consolidated accounts in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, thus signalling the effective end of British accounting.

Events: The Force of International Law presents an analysis of international law, centred upon those historical and recent events in which international law has exerted, or acquired, its force. From Spanish colonization and the Peace of Westphalia, through the release of Nelson Mandela and the Rwandan genocide, and to recent international trade negotiations and the 'torture memos', each chapter in this book focuses on a specific international legal event. Short and accessible to the non-specialist reader, these chapters consider what forces are put into play when international law is invoked, as it is so frequently today, by lawyers, laypeople, or leaders. At the same time, they also reflect on what is entailed in naming these 'events' of international law and how international law grapples with their disruptive potential. Engaging economic, military, cultural, political, philosophical and technical fields, Events: The Force of International Law will be of interest to international lawyers and scholars of international relations, legal history, diplomatic history, war and/or peace studies, and legal theory. It is also intended to be read and appreciated by anyone familiar with appeals to international law from the general media, and curious about the limits and possibilities occasioned, or the forces mobilised, by that appeal.

Events: The Force of International Law presents an analysis of international law, centred upon those historical and recent events in which international law has exerted, or acquired, its force. From Spanish colonization and the Peace of Westphalia, through the release of Nelson Mandela and the Rwandan genocide, and to recent international trade negotiations and the 'torture memos', each chapter in this book focuses on a specific international legal event. Short and accessible to the non-specialist reader, these chapters consider what forces are put into play when international law is invoked, as it is so frequently today, by lawyers, laypeople, or leaders. At the same time, they also reflect on what is entailed in naming these 'events' of international law and how international law grapples with their disruptive potential. Engaging economic, military, cultural, political, philosophical and technical fields, Events: The Force of International Law will be of interest to international lawyers and scholars of international relations, legal history, diplomatic history, war and/or peace studies, and legal theory. It is also intended to be read and appreciated by anyone familiar with appeals to international law from the general media, and curious about the limits and possibilities occasioned, or the forces mobilised, by that appeal.

Author Biography:
John Richard Thackrah has been writing on terrorism for over twenty years and was a specialist consultant and trainer for the British police on the subject. His books include Terrorism & Unconventional Warfare Explained, 2001.

Terrorism is one of the primary concerns of the modern world and is increasingly becoming a major factor in all international relations in the 21st century. This revised and updated second edition of a major reference work in the area contains definitions and descriptions of all aspects of terrorism and political violence, including:

· individual terrorists, (e.g. Osama Bin-Laden, Carlos, Yasser Arafat, Abu Nidal, Unabomber)
· terrorist organisations, (e.g. Al-Qaeda, IRA, FARC, Hizbollah, Shining Path)
· terrorist incidents, (e.g. September 11th, Oklahoma Bombing, Omagh bombing, Bali bombing)
· countries affected by terrorism, (e.g. Israel, Columbia)
· types of terrorism, (e.g. eco-terrorism, bioterrorism, cyberterrorism)
· measures against terrorism, (e.g. counter-terrorism, Europol, CIA, FBI, etc.)
· forms of political violence, (e.g. civil war, ethnic conflict, kidnapping)
· history of terrorism, (eg. terrorism in the 1960s, 21st century terrorism)
· psychology of terrorism (e.g. terrorist types, terrorist beliefs)

With a select bibliography for each reference and a detailed cross-referencing system throughout, the revised edition is an excellent resource for academics, students and policymakers alike.

A History of Corporate Financial Reporting provides an understanding of the procedures and practices which constitute corporate financial reporting in Britain, at different points of time, and how and why those practices changed and became what they are now. Its particular focus is the external financial reporting practices of joint stock companies. This is worth knowing about given the widely held view that Britain (i) pioneered modern financial reporting, and (ii) played a primary role in the development of both capital markets and professional accountancy. The book makes use of a principal and agent framework to study accounting's past, but one where the failure of managers always to supply the information that users' desire is given full recognition. It is shown that corporate financial reporting did not develop into its current state in a straightforward and orderly fashion. Each era produces different environmental conditions and imposes new demands on accounting. A proper understanding of accounting developments therefore requires a careful examination of the interrelationship between accountants and accounting techniques on the one hand and, on the other, the social and economic context within which changes took place. The book's corporate coverage starts with the legendary East India Company, created in 1600, and continues through the heyday of the statutory trading companies founded to build Britain's canals (commencing in the 1770s) and railways (commencing c.1829) to focus, principally, on the limited liability company fashioned by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 and the Limited Liability Act 1855. The story terminates in 2005 when listed companies were required to prepare their consolidated accounts in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, thus signalling the effective end of British accounting.

Several areas of forensic science use the technique of gas chromatography, ranging from fire analysis to the investigation of fraudulent food and perfumes. Covering the essentials of this powerful analytical technique, Forensic Applications of Gas Chromatography explains the theory and shows applications of this knowledge to various realms of forensic science. Topics include: A brief introduction to gas chromatography and its use in forensic science Various components that make up the gas chromatographic instrumentation The theory of the separation process, along with the chemistry underpinning the process Method development, with a specific example of a separation of eight different compounds using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector Quality assurance and method validation with information applicable to many types of analytical testing laboratories Troubleshooting in gas chromatography systems New developments in gas chromatography and advances in columns and detectors Real examples supplement the text, along with questions in each chapter. The book includes examples of applications of gas chromatography in drugs, toxicology, fire, paint, food, and fragrance. Each application is presented as an individual case study with specific focus on a particular sample preparation technique. This allows each technique to be discussed with respect to its theory, instrumentation, solvent selection, and function, as appropriate. Each case study provides readers with suitable practical information to allow them to perform experiments in their own laboratory either as part of a practical laboratory class or in a research context. The final chapter provides answers to the questions and encourages further study and discussion.

The power of purchasers exposes the weaknesses of conventional thinking on the costs and benefits of priorities. Health policy analysts now have to develop rational criteria to support decisions in a process which may be inherently intuitive. This authoritative and practical text points the way towards clear choices in resource allocation and the implications of these choices on expenditure diverted among different health care programmes.

"Lakes is my favorite kind of natural history: meticulously researched, timely, comprehensive, and written with imagination and verve."--Jerry Dennis, author of The Living Great Lakes Lakes might be the most misunderstood bodies of water on earth. And while they may seem commonplace, without lakes our world would never be the same. In this revealing look at these lifegiving treasures, John Richard Saylor shows us just how deep our connection to still waters run. Lakes is an illuminating tour through the most fascinating lakes around the world. Whether it's Lake Vostok, located more than two miles beneath the surface of Antarctica, whose water was last exposed to the atmosphere perhaps a million years ago; Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, the world's deepest and oldest lake formed by a rift in the earth's crust; or Lake Nyos, the so-called Killer Lake that exploded in 1986, resulting in hundreds of deaths, Saylor reveals to us the wonder that exists in lakes found throughout the world. Along the way we learn all the many forms that lakes take--how they come to be and how they feed and support ecosystems--and what happens when lakes vanish.

From the depths of the Cold War to the War on Terror, The Routledge Companion to Military Conflict since 1945 is an in-depth and comprehensive reference guide to the confrontations that have shaped the modern age. Covering the personalities, the wars and the ideas that have been central to military conflict in the last sixty years, this book includes discussion of: specific campaigns from Vietnam to Iraq international organizations, including NATO, the UN and the Arab League leading historical figures, from Idi Amin to George W. Bush genocides, Proxy wars and the Guerrilla campaigns key concepts in international relations, from Defense to Chemical Warfare the causes of conflict from the religion to the fight for diminishing resources. Exploring all of this and more in an easy to use A-Z format with guides to further reading, this is an essential resource for students of international relations, military history and conflict and strategic studies at all levels.

First published in 2002, Clinical Pain Management is a comprehensive textbook for trainee and practicing specialists in Pain Management and related areas, presenting readers with all they need to know to provide a successful pain management service. This major clinical reference work comprises four volumes. Three clinical volumes deal respectively with all aspects of Acute Pain, Chronic Pain and Cancer Pain; from the basic mechanisms underlying the development of pain, to the various treatments that can be applied in different clinical situations. The fourth volume, Practic and Procedures, complements these by providing helpful advice on practical aspects of clinical management and research, including protocols and established clinical guidelines, making it a ready-reference manual for the busy clinician. Innovative features such as evidence scoring and reference annotation are incoproated for ease of reference, and the text is supported throughout with plentiful illustrations and numerous tables. New for this second edition, there is a companion website containing chapters and illustrations from the four volume set. Written and edited by a large team of acknowledged international aspects, the fully updated second edition of Clinical Pain Management remains an authoritative and comprehensive guide to this growing specialty and is an invaluable addition to the bookshelves of anyone training or working in the field of pain management.

The Routledge Companion to Accounting History presents a single-volume synthesis of research in this expanding field, exploring and analysing accounting from ancient civilisations to the modern day. No longer perceived as the narrow study of how a mysterious technique was used in past, the scope of accounting history has widened substantially. This revised and updated volume moves beyond the history of accounting technologies, accounting theories and practices and the accountants who applied them. Expert contributors from around the world explore the interfaces between accounting and the economy, society, culture and the polity. Accounting history is shown to offer important insights into such disparate phenomena as the evolution of capitalism, control of labour, gender and family relationships, racial exploitation, the operation of religious organisations, and the functioning of the state. Illuminating the foundation and development of accounting systems, this updated, classic book opens the field to a new generation of accounting scholars and historians around the world.

Learning Engineering for Online Education is a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of learning engineering, a form of educational optimization driven by analytics, design-based research, and fast-paced, large-scale experimentation. Chapters written by instructional design and distance learning innovators explore the theoretical context of learning engineering and provide design-based examples from top educational institutions. Concluding with an agenda for future research, this volume is essential for those interested in using data and high-quality outcome evidence to improve student engagement, instructional efficacy, and results in online and blended settings.

Learning Engineering for Online Education is a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of learning engineering, a form of educational optimization driven by analytics, design-based research, and fast-paced, large-scale experimentation. Chapters written by instructional design and distance learning innovators explore the theoretical context of learning engineering and provide design-based examples from top educational institutions. Concluding with an agenda for future research, this volume is essential for those interested in using data and high-quality outcome evidence to improve student engagement, instructional efficacy, and results in online and blended settings.

Many will tell us to 'follow our heart' with the best intentions - but this is an illusion. Instead, we must first submit to the work that results in us knowing our heart. Then the path ahead will become absolutely clear.

The 60-Year Curriculum explores models and strategies for lifelong learning in an era of profound economic disruption and reinvention. Over the next half-century, globalization, regional threats to sustainability, climate change, and technologies such as artificial intelligence and data mining will transform our education and workforce sectors. In turn, higher education must shift to offer every student life-wide opportunities for the continuous upskilling they will need to achieve decades of worthwhile employability. This cutting-edge book describes the evolution of new models-covering computer science, inclusive design, critical thinking, civics, and more-by which universities can increase learners' trajectories across multiple careers from mid-adolescence to retirement. Stakeholders in workforce development, curriculum and instructional design, lifelong learning, and higher and continuing education will find a unique synthesis offering valuable insights and actionable next steps.

Now in a revised and expanded fourth edition, this definitive reference and text has more than 50% new material, reflecting a decade of theoretical and empirical advances. Prominent researchers describe major theories and review cutting-edge findings. The volume explores how personality emerges from and interacts with biological, developmental, cognitive, affective, and social processes, and the implications for well-being and health. Innovative research programs and methods are presented throughout. The concluding section showcases emerging issues and new directions in the field. New to This Edition *Expanded coverage of personality development, with chapters on the overall life course, middle childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. *Three new chapters on affective processes, plus chapters on neurobiology, achievement motivation, cognitive approaches, narcissism, and other new topics. *Section on cutting-edge issues: personality interventions, personality manifestations in everyday life, geographical variation in personality, self-knowledge, and the links between personality and economics. *Added breadth and accessibility--42 more concise chapters, compared to 32 in the prior edition.

In 1763 the oppressive program of Grenville set up a tempo of resentment. Virginia and Maryland soon struck against the abuse of liberty, with Patrick Henry as their spokesman. Rioting followed the Carolinas and Georgia. With the Townshend Acts of 1767 the crisis worsened. In nine more years the ""Tea and Trumpets"" period, to use Mr. Alden's phrase, would explode into the Revolution. These events form but a single, bright strand in the intricate story of the South during the Revolution. This volume, the first complete account yet written of an exciting period, ranges from the demography of the South (including White, Negro, and Indian groups), through the War of Independence, into the critical early years of the Union. The emphasis throughout is upon political and social change. The network of historic conditions and human motives is treated with consummate skill; and the heroic story of the war, with its gallery of personalities on both sides, is vigorously narrated. The book also gives a valuable account both of the origins and evolution of Southern sectionalism and of the role of the South in creating the Union. Besides the full-scale record of the colony-states on the Atlantic seaboard, the development of the Old Southwest is brilliantly detailed, including Indian warfare, the settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee, and many other related topics.